L'histoire de l'informatique

Le premier boulier

Le boulier babylonien a été développé pour réduire le temps nécessaire pour effectuer des calculs.

Comme indiqué dans le chapitre précédent, nous pensons que les Babyloniens ont inventé le comptage complexe.

La période 2700-2300 av. J.-C. a probablement vu la première apparition d'un boulier, une table de colonnes successives qui définissait les ordres d'un système de numération à 60 chiffres .

Abaque 2.0

L' abaque romain a utilisé des nombres romains à 10 chiffres pour réduire le temps d'exécution des calculs :

Image : 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica (domaine public).

Les Romains ont développé le boulier romain, une version portable en base 10 des anciens bouliers utilisés par les Babyloniens.

C'était le premier ordinateur de poche au monde. Utilisé par les ingénieurs romains, les marchands et les collecteurs d'impôts.

Ordinateurs analogiques

The Difference Engine (Charles Babbage 1822) was a mechanical machine designed to Reduce the Time to calculate complex mathematical functions.

The Analytical Engine (Charles Babbage 1833) was a mechanical machine designed with modern computer elements like arithmetic, logic, and memory.

Both these "computers" used 10 digit (decimal) mechanical cogwheels to perform mathematical calculations:

(Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine. Science Museum. London)

Digital Computers

Digital Computers use 0/1 switches to perform calculations. They operate on binary values like 11100110 in contrast to analog values like 230.

Try It Yourself:

The first Electric Digital Computer was designed and built by Konrad Zuse in Germany (1941).

It used 2600 electrical relays as 0/1 switches. The clock speed was about 5 Hz.

Replica of the Zuse Z3. Deutsches Museum. Munich.

Electronic Computers

First generation Computers (1945-1950) used vacuum tubes as binary switches.

Vacuum tubes are much faster than electrical relays.

The clock speed of these computers was between 500 KHz and 1 Mhz.

Second Generation Computers

Second generation Computers (1950-1960) used transistors as binary 0/1 switches.

Transistors are much faster than vacuum tubes.

Third Generation Computers

Third generation Computers (1960) used integrated circuits as binary switches.

Integrated circuits are much faster than transistors.

Computer Speed

The first electrical computer could do 5 instructions per second.

The first electronic computer did 5000 instructions per second.

The first PC did 5 million instructions per second.

AMD was the first PC to reach 1 billion instructions per second.

Today, IPhone 12 can do 11 billion instructions per second.

When Did it Start? Where Will it End?

From the history above you can extract:

• Computers were designed to do calculations
• Charles Babbage created the first mechanical computer
• The first digital computers used electromechanical switches
• Vacuum tubes are much faster than electromechanical switches
• Transistors are much faster than vacuum tubes
• Integrated circuits are much faster than transistors
• Tomorrow's computes will be faster than the human brain?

Smarter Than Humans?

If we believe in Moores Law:

In 2020, computers have the capacity of a mouse brain.

In 2030, computers might have the capacity of a human brain:

Source: Ray Kurzweil